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From bean to cup: the battle between Starbucks and Ethiopian coffee

Every day, in the early morning, farmers head above the Oromia region of coffee plantations in the highlands of Ethiopia for a day of work. Often, walking barefoot for miles to reach the farmers use their own hands to pick up grains of steep mountains at high altitude and hot sun. For these farmers and their families, coffee farming is the only way to make a living in one of the world's poorest countries. They earn less than a dollar a day.

Halfway around the world, the dream line office workers in place of Starbucks on 14th Street in New York, willing to pay three dollars for their first jolt of caffeine. Starbucks, with more than 11,000 stores worldwide and annual revenues of more than seven billion dollars, receives much their coffees from countries like Ethiopia.

Since its inception in 1985, the company has promoted fair trade in their corporate image. Starbucks has courted customers of the political correctness of "fair trade" coffee Ethiopia cut beautiful packaging. But the relationship between society and farmers is more complicated than it seems. Recently, there has been a growing controversy over whether or Ethiopian farmers and the Ethiopian economy fair treatment of the multinational. This debate has generated a vigorous campaign by fair trade organizations, the unions and the Ethiopian government, which can question the ethics of the company.

Doing business responsibly

Starbucks maintains that it has a relationship positive coffee growers. With its "commitment to social responsibility, Starbucks has developed an integrated approach to coffee supply CAFE (Coffee and Farmers Equity Practices), a set of guidelines for socially responsible coffee buying. This strategy is said to sustainable improvement of working conditions of farmers, helping them to gain more time protecting the environment.

Starbucks agrees to pay a higher price high for all of its coffee and its attempts to buy the coffee that is certified as Fair Trade coffee. "Global Starbucks Fair Trade Certified coffee purchases totaled 11.5 million pounds in fiscal 2005, which is the largest buyer of coffee with Fair Trade certification in North America, "the company said in a prospectus." In addition to paying premium prices for all of our coffees, our investments in Social development projects and access to loans with low interest in coffee growing regions has been recognized by leadership within the industry, "Starbucks said in a press release in October 2006.

Blocking marks

However, Ethiopian farmers believe receiving the short end of the key in this relationship. While Starbucks continues to generate billions of dollars each year, Ethiopian farmers and their supporters believe that Starbucks does not want to see them or their country, to make a profit.
Oxfam International, a UK human rights organization said that Starbucks tried to block the attempt by the Ethiopian government to trademark its coffee names Yirgacheffe and Harar grown Sidamo regions, depriving poor countries of income up to potential 80 million. The U.S. National Coffee Association (NCA) has attempted to block the efforts of the mark, and Oxfam accused Starbucks of being behind these efforts. Although Starbucks denies this accusation, Oxfam spokeswoman Jo Leadbetter said it was the validity of his claim. "We heard a number of sources that helped make Starbucks alert the U.S. Coffee Association to block these applications and that "smacks of corporate bullying," said Leadbetter.

According to Oxfam, for every cup of coffee Starbucks sells, farmers in Ethiopia at the start around $ 0.03, they receive a very small portion of the profits coffee generated by consumers. "The Ethiopian coffee farmers often collect about 10 percent of the profits of those cafes. The rest goes to the players at the coffee industry that can control the selling price, importers, distributors and roasters such as Starbucks, Oxfam said in its Make Trade Fair website. In response, Oxfam launched a campaign to support fair trade farmers such as the Ethiopian highlands. "Starbucks has engaged in one of the first positive steps to help coffee producers living in poverty. I do not understand why not come and step to the table to discuss the proposal of Ethiopia in good faith, "said Seth Petchers, program director of Oxfam America coffee.

the coffee industry in Ethiopia

Ethiopia, known as the birthplace of Arabica coffee in the region depends Kaffe coffee production for its economy. Coffee production is so important to the economy based on agriculture only Ethiopian 50-60% of its export earnings of the coffee trade. The industry employs one out of every four people. Approximately 15 million coffee farmers and their families depend coffee for their survival.

Coffee is also a central element of Ethiopian culture, with traditions dating from the 10th century when the first tree was domesticated in the highlands of south-west. Coffee is so important to the daily routine of life in Ethiopia "coffee ceremonies" every day around the country. third national production, one is consumed locally.

Starbucks potential impact on the Ethiopian market

If Ethiopia to succeed in trade mark grains, which will allow the country to control the use of its seeds on the market, giving its farmers a greater share of the retail price. "Ensuring the mark for its Sidamo, Harar and Yirgacheffe coffee beans could allow the country to increase their bargaining power through the control of names and, finally, shoot () a higher proportion of retail prices on the world market, Ethiopia Ministry of Foreign Affairs said in a statement.

The potential benefits for Ethiopia's huge market, according Fitsum Hailu, the second secretary of trade and investment in the Ethiopian embassy. "When farmers can grow and prosper, not only in improving production and quality, but also to determine the value of their intellectual property portfolios, then everyone in the coffee industry – including distribution partners and retail consumers – will benefit from it. "Fitsum adds that in a case such as Ethiopia," Stronger negotiating power allow millions of farmers and traders to prosper and invest in the future of these fine coffees. "

Position of Ethiopia

Tadesse Meskela, the representative of the Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union in Ethiopia, agrees with Fitsum. According Meskela, Starbucks sells coffee for $ 14.00 per pound, but only pay $ 1.20 a pound, which does not even cover the cost of production.

However, Mr. Meskela explained that the problem Coffee production is also with the World trade Organization, not just Starbucks. In a telephone interview, said: "The WTO controls a large number of lucrative business and a change should be made in the laws of international trade. The price that we [farmers] are very low and is low due to unfair trade laws. "

Meskela is working hard to save his 74,000 coffee farmers poor and are on a mission to find buyers who are willing to pay a fair price for coffee. Meskela is also the main character of Black Gold, a documentary that juxtaposes the experiences of coffee producers with consumers buy the product worldwide. "This film highlights the vulnerability of producers of coffee and the disconnect between poor farmers and the benefits enormous. Oxfam seeks to correct the imbalances of power led to unfair trade practices, "said Petchers.

Starbucks Position

In response to the Oxfam campaign, Starbucks has launched an attack against it. "They've never made opposition to the trademark application of the Ethiopian government has taken the ownership or regional names used to describe the source our coffee, "the company said. Dub Hay, senior vice president of Starbucks Coffee and Global Procurement told BBC radio: "We had not intervened to try to block Ethiopia's attempts. We have not had the ANC because, in fact, was the opposite. They are the ones that we been contacted about it. "

While Starbucks denies being behind the blocking process of the brand, the company does not believe that the trademark is in best interest of farmers and the Ethiopian economy. "If the trademark application – roasters might shy away from the purchase of coffee for fear of getting involved in complex litigation. Or worse, they can buy coffee and only sell them without the brand names. Let the high quality beans go to market without a geographic identification to deprive value of the trademark "Starbucks said in a statement.

The Ethiopian government has also asked Starbucks to sign an agreement that would enable Ethiopia to Owning of its coffees. However, Starbucks has refused to sign such an agreement, the Company believes that if Ethiopia were to mark their products, is itself the foreclosure. By Hailu is a felony. "The only way this statement is accurate is if Ethiopia is poor management of any trademark after they were acquired, and I hope that Starbucks is not assuming that Ethiopia is incapable of managing intellectual property assets related to one of its major exports, "Hailu said.
As alternative to the presentation of the brand, Starbucks offers the development of certification programs geographically. Gracia certification programs, a country can be identified as the source of a product. Starbucks claims that these systems are more efficient than recording specific brands of geographical names, regional names such as the Ethiopian government is trying to brand. The mark means that manufacturers of goods or products while certification identifies that the product meets standards of product quality. Alain Poncelet, head of Green Coffee Purchasing Starbucks, told Spiegel Online, German online newspaper that his company is " in Ethiopia, "the protection of regional names, but not" brand. "

This position does not receive much press, however. The company has received over 70,000 phone calls and faxes from customers show their support for affected farmers. But that negative publicity concerning the name of the family and society billions of dollars? "Probably not," said a Starbucks employee in New York, who spoke on condition of anonymity. "People are so hooked on coffee is not affected by something that happens so far. The only people protesting against Starbucks are a minority of activists. Everyone thought in their own problems. "The employee also praised Starbucks treat their employees." They treat their employees better than most companies and give them much to the community, "he said.

Positioning Power

As Meskela emphasized the struggle between the producers and not only deal with Starbucks the issue of trademark rights. It also highlights how coffee farmers are almost entirely outside the scope of bargaining between governments and businesses. The issue is the fact that farmers 'development' have no bargaining power both in the field of international trade.

Senait Assefa, an Ethiopian resident of New York, believes that strengthening the position of producers of coffee in the international market should be the focus of efforts, no Starbucks. "The coffee producers must join together to control the supply of coffee in the international market, which is used to dictate their own terms (like how manipulate the oil producing countries oil prices by reducing or increasing the production and supply), "said Assefa. However, Assefa admits that this could not work. "If oil is a limited resource countries have, almost anyone can grow coffee, he added.

Although coffee is a crop that can grow in different regions, the quality of Ethiopian coffee is what makes it unique. As Ethiopian farmers continue to work hard to produce such fine quality coffee, its position in the international trade market beginning to receive attention in the world, thanks to the tireless work of Meskela and others. While the battle for the coffee brand continues, coffee producers are often left to struggle with the trade laws that make them invisible in the chain of actors international.

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Water requirements of domestic animals -a tretise

 

water requirments of differrent crops and animals

by ghulam mohyuddin wani

chief consultant animal husbandry

NRAA, NEW DELHI

 

 

 

Introduction

 

In our previous treatise in www.article .com we have discussed the water requirements of animals.  Here we shall discuss the water requirements of different crops and compare it with the requirements of animals.  We will also discuss water use-determinants like soil-moisture, profile in determining the water requirements of a crop along with calculations for evaluating evaporation & transpiration losses during cropping clander & lastly increment for the presence of left moisture of the fallows.

 

Factors effecting water utilization

 

Water requirements of a crop are determined by various factors like soil moisture, texture, wind velocity, humidity, rainfall, temperature solar radiation, crop species, variety of as crop, cropping season, & other known and unknown factors both biotic and abiotic.  Rice crop utilization is estimated at 640 mm per hac in Pakistan.  The similar study estimates for wheat are lower than rice 330 mm.  Thus a rice- paddy rotation in Lahore, Punjab is estimated at 970 mm of water.  One wonders what the essence e of 970 mm of water is and how mud quantity of water is needed per hectare or per kg of grain.  Few reports of Johl, 2002 & others have given different estimates which will be discussed under following heads.

(a)    Water requirements per hectare of land for producing various crop variety

(b)   Calculation of water requirements- how they are made

(c)    Water requirements of animals & a comparison with crops

The water requirements are measured by various methods.  We have to consider soil profile, soil moisture stored in the root zone of the planted crop, evaporation rate, humidity, temperature & all those factors described in preceding pages.  On an estimated basis different crops need water at following rates (Johl, 2002) table I

 

Table 1.    Total water requirement per hectare

Crop                                      water required in liters/ hac

Rice                                        60,20,000

Wheat                                  35,00,000

Cotton                                  78,50,000

Sugar cane                          1,60,00,000

Sunflower                           65,00,000

Kharif Maize                       46,00,000

Kharif Moong                    41,50,000

Gobi Sarsoon                     34,50,000

Winter Maize                     61,50,000

 

Herian quoting Johl, 2002, reports the conversion of water in terms of kgs of grains as follows:

 

Table 1.  Water requirement per kg of grain harvested

Grain /Crop                        water required in liters/ kg

                                                 grain produce

Wheat                                  781

Rice                                        1131

Kharif Maize                       1691

Gobi Sarsson                      2851

Suflower                              5672

Cotton                                  6217      

Kharif Moong                    8645

Summer Moong               10,246

 

For calculating water requirements of crops, the calculatio0ns are made on the presumptions & a study of NSW department of primary industries as follows; for rice.

The duration of crop growth varies with the variety used.  Some of the Australian rice varieties mature in short time.  However water requirements differ during different stages of the crop growth.  Thus the varietal gestation days & days taken from planting to flowering & from flowering to physiological maturity needs to be taken into consideration.

Water requirements of rice depend upon variety and temperatures around the fields duration of growth is describe as panicle initiation to flowering & from flowering to maturation.  For medium grain rice this panicle to maturity cycle duration is around 70-80 day ( white worth, 2006).  This period can be broken into panicle to flowering 30-35 days in short & long grain varieties grain in Australia.  However it is 5 days less (25-30 days)  in whorl season varieties Jerrah.  Flowering to physiological maturity days ranges from 35-45 days in all the varieties.  The total days of watering rice thus depends on the stage of development and the gestation days of the varieties.  We have most of the varieties maturing in 70-100 days in India.  These days exceed in temperate climatic conditions.  Sometimes cold waves & frost bites hinder ripening and the days of gestation get extended.  Therefore it is recommended to have on evaluation pilot study if exact requirements of water by each crop are intended.

Beginning of the planting season in rice starts with requirement of water rice field preparation fill, needs water.  This initial requirement differs with type of soil, paddock history & seasonal conditions.

The weather and the ecosystem play a significant role due to different evaporate transpiration rates existing at different locations even within a given ecosystem.  Here water transpiration from leaves and stagnant field surfaces has to be considered.  Temperature, solar radiation, wind, relative humidity of the air and rainfall play a role in determining water requirements of any crop.  Deep percolation is another factor to reckon with in this direction.  This is water passing into the soil below root zone.  Thus a knowledge base on root zone.  Area, percolation percent only gives a true estimate of water requirements by a crop.  Drainage losses, rice field permeability and many other factors need to be considered.  On a rough estimate NSW department uses 1 mm/ day allowance for deep percolation.  A ten days evaporate-transpiration average for less through evaporation water use for paddy cultivation is often measured in mega liters.  A 10 cm dept of water in a hectare measures about 1 mega liter of water used.  This can be expressed as 100 mm water dept to/hectare.  An hectare has 2.47 acres,. So we may decide it by 2.47 i.e. ½.47 cm or 100 mm.  The average water use cultivation of rice between 0ct- November is around 5-47 ml  per acre.  Generally an area of 8 acres is utilized for dairy sheds, had it been under rice, we would need annul 2.5 = 20.0 ML of water for rice cultivation.

To raise 100 cows with a profit of around 2.5 lac per annum needs comparatively much less water than if the same land is used for crops.

Therefore so far water utilization is concerned water requirements of animals are far less than those of crops, vegetable or fruits.  The water requirements of dairy animal & other livestock species has been reviewed (Wani, 2009).  On an average beef heifers weighing 500-9000 liters or around 200-400 kgs require 4-7 gallons of water per day.  This requirement for beef cows is 7-12 gallon of water.  Cows with calves need more water than dry cows.  (12 vs. 10).  Calves need 2-3 gallons of water.  Dairy cows in milk need on an average 30 gallon per day.  Dry dairy cows need 10 gallon & their calves 3 gallons.  Sheep & goats need 2-3 gallons of water.  However exact water requirements depend on the exact weight of the animal.

Horse, bison and mules on are average need 10 gallons, poultry needs 0.05 gallons, deer, lames, alpacas need 2 gallon ELK and donkeys 5 gallons, ostrich 1 gallon & human house hold needs are around 60 gallons per day.  Thus the comparative use of water favors livestock, who pro0duce a liter of milk on less than ½ a gallon of water, which is comparatively lower than rice, wheat & other crops describe.  A liter of milk even if needs gallon of water would be much less than 1 kg  of rice or wheat.

Animal body also losses water during evaporation Process.  Sheep transpose 725 water taken, goat transpose less than sheep 70%. However with increase in environment temperatures the normal change.  The above figures were corroborated when temperature ranged from 21-390C & relative humid ranged between 13-67 5 water intake of sheep & goats is 2-3 gallons.  So a goat yielding 2-3 liters of milk will need 10-15 liters of water.  This is the minimum required water in comparison to other livestock and crop species.  Thereby, goats are preferred viable and sustainable livelihood options in water deficient areas.

 

Calculation of water requirement (animals)

Ration ale (a)   for every kg dry matter we need 6 kgs of drinking water

                                                                +

                      (b)   For every liter of milk provide 1 liter of water

                                                                +

             (C)  Give additional allowance as per needs of weather & winds or radiation etc as discussed.

 

Example:  for a cow consuming 18 kg of concentrate feed per day we will need 108 kg of water d18 * 6 = 108 liters of water.  This basic maintenance requirement on DM basis, If she produces 20 liters of milk, we will need addition 20 liters of water.  If weather is favorable on an average a 20 liter yielder (cow) will require 128 liters of water per day which roughly equals 30 gallons as discussed.  Generally thumb rule is 100-150 liters of water per cow per day.  In case of temperature crossing 350C we need 200-250 liters per day thus comparing 5 month crop cycle or 120-30 day gestation of paddy- rice crops or paddy-rice rotation for the year make it full location for 8 months, we will need 200 * 200 = 40,000 liters of water for the entire 10 month period for cow in a paddy-rice rotation, a requirement of per liter of milk.  A thousand liter estimate incorporating bathing, washing and other uses too put it around 26000 liters of water per 1000 liters of milk thus the figures came to around 26-30 liters of water per liter of milk, which is roughly 0.026 cm2 per liter of mile or 26 cm2 per 1000 liter of milk.

 

How to calculate water requirements in dairy farms

Surface area

Suppositions   60 * 80 m water level equals 4800m2 of water or say 10m * 10 m water pond can have around 10m2 of water stored in its.  If the surface is sloppy and uneven, we generally give conversion factor allowances as:  for surface areas of 25,000 – 5000 m2 multiply by 0.6.  For a water dept of 1000 – 25000 m2 multiply be 0.45 & for surfaces less than 100 m2 by 0.3.

The depth of the pond is to be calculated by multiplying with depth a pond of 60 m wide, 80 m long equals 4800 m2 of water.  Multiply depth it will become 4800 * 5 = 24000 m2 if depth is 5 meters.  In case of a circular pond, we have to measure depth and calculate surface area as:

(a)    Measure diameter of the pond & divide by 2 to get radius

(b)   Square the radius and multiply by a factor of 3.1416 to get the surface area of the pond.

If the pond is not even but has a slope, the surface area calculations shall be made as follows:

(a)    If the radius is between 25-50 m2 multiply by factor 0.6

(b)   If pond radius ranges between 15-25 meters 2 multiply by 0.45

(c)    If pond radius is less than 10m2 multiply by 0.3

 

 

 

 

 

 

Water requirement of paddy-wheat rotation

(a)    Traditional Rice-Wheat cropping system will breed 60,20,000 liters of water for paddy and 35,00,000 liters for wheat per hectare.  Thus for a Paddy-Rice rotation system in a year total water requirement is 95, 20,000 liters of water.  If a hectare produces 3t of paddy (against 2.4 t national average)  and 3t of wheat/hectare.  We will thus have 6 t / hectare production.  This will mean 1000 * 6 = 6000 kgs.  Dividing 9520/6 we need 1587 liters of water per kg of Rice-Wheat or paddy- wheat rotation.

(b)   Water table decline figures

It is said over a period of few years a decline of water table by 2 ft / annum has been registered (water table decline) needs further data collection.  The water recharging process per annum has to be evaluated.

(c)    Requirement of rice per annum per hectare is around 60 20 0000 liters.  Or roughly 620 mm per hectare per year.  The total rainfall in Punjab is around 800 mm.  Thus with paddy-rice combination consumption of 620 + 330 mm comes to around 950 mm of water.  Thus roughly we have a deficiency of 150 mm per years, which may be responsible for the decline of the water tables.

 

4.  Index of diversification from Rice –Wheat combine.  The net profit per acre of hectare is never more than 100,000-1.5 Liter under Paddy- wheat rotation.  It still exists as remunerative, one because of its support price and FCI as its assured marketing link.  More remunerative diversification options like see production, fruits, vegetable, sunflower etc could not sustain larger interest because of low marketing network.  The advantage in dairy lies in firstly its low water use, second its profits going around 25 % (Wani, 2009) with very low requirement of water.  Thirdly, the fodder (Maize) is new available as a contract farming option.  Fodder maize just around flowering needs certainly half the amount of water than the grain production.  Fourth important factor in favor of dairy industry goes due to assured marketing channels like Milk fed & other milk processing firm like JK industries, Johnson and Johnason etc.

1. Commercial dairy farming is gaining momentum because of:

(a)   Low water need.  A kg of milk needs maximum 50 liters of water as against 15000 liters of Rice-Wheat combination. The other crop needs are much higher.

(b)   The economic benefits of 25% profits with daily income assured and marketing channels at door step gives dairy an added impetus.

(c) It has added a new social dimension, a dairy farmer is more or less an executive job with less on the farm engagement.  This provides him a social impetus & clubbed with profits, he seems better off.

(d)   the use of manure for fortification of soil & coupling organic vegetable or grain farming in the land connected to the dairy farms of Punjab shall help to further economize dairy farming.  The housing pattern simplified it doubled with automatic rechanneling of urine & dung to the fields shall give rise to a rehabilitation of distorted soil profile with more marketing preference.

 

Interventions need are

(a)     Feed block preparation.  This own formulas to be improved

(b)    Disease cover, initial testing and housing system need rechannalizaion & innovation.

(c)    Water pond like swinging pool facility, sprinkle of water and other cooling options need study

(d)   Make calf utilization as breeding stock or establishment of semen banks needs exploration.  Private sector investment in semen  * embryo collection needs incentive

(e)   Vaccination, disease diagnostic using 3rd generation DNA Technolgy is recommended to assure quality milk production incorporating all necessary international zoo-sanitation measure.  Checks and controls.

(f)     The use of agriwaste, leaf biomass, preflowing crop yield as fodder supplements needing more water need trails.

(g)    Cheap and effective innovative housing system are needed.

(h)   Insurance cover is to be streamlined to the exact value of the animal.

(i)      Pre –testing for communicable disease should be a must to avoid future losses.

(j)     Interaction & export of high valued semen from aboard be allowed & the male born used to provide semen to the other states.

(k)    A private- public policy & planning translate or centre be formulate in prepare policy papers, reports & data base.

 

 

 

About the Author

DARMINDER SINGH

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