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in isolation of eugenol through cloves of garlic which was crushed and dried (organic chemistry)?

1. the main advantage of steam distillation as a method of purification is the compounds insoluble in water may be distilled below their boiling point. why is this possible?

1. The boiling point of a mix of two liquids is such that the combination of their partial pressures equals atmospheric pressure. If the vapor pressure of eugenol is, say, 25 torr, then at 100C and 1 atm, the partial pressure of H2O is 760 – 25 = 735 torr. The eugenol distils over with the steam at 100C, as if it were being distilled in a vacuum of 25 torr.

2. It’s too hard to condense them, and compounds with normal boiling points >100C can usually be distilled alone without decomposition.

3. It’s analogous to dissolving something in water. In order for eugenol to distil, it has to get out of the solid matter. Small particles make that easier.

4. Eugenol is a phenol, like C6H5-OH. Add base to convert it to water-soluble C6H5-O(-). Add acid to make sure to convert it to dichloromethane-soluble C6H5-OH again.

5. A drying agent is an anhydrous salt that can absorb moles of water of crystallization. Examples are Na2SO4 and MgSO4. CaCl2 should beavoided, because it will form complexes with eugenol, and you’ll lose much or all of the product.

6. Carbonate solution is too weak a base to deprotonate a phenol. You need NaOH.

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